As the leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), the largest organized mass movement in black history, Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) is perhaps best remembered as a champion of an "Africa for Africans" campaign, and as a progenitor of the "black is beautiful" ideal, Born in Jamaica, Garvey worked as a printer and was active in Jamaican nationialist organizations, founding the UNIA as a fraternal organization. Following his arrival in New York in 1916, he undertook a year-long, 38-state tour of the U.S where he witnessed many African Americans living oppressed and impoverished lives. Unlike other civil rights leaders of the period, Garvey became convinced that integration was not the answer and, instead, began to preach a gospel of black self-reliance and nationalism. Donning a uniform, and marching under a red, black and green flag, Garvey opened the first U.S. branch of the UNIA in 1917. By 1919, the UNIA had more than 500 divisions worldwide and Garvey’s Negro World had become the most popular black newspaper in the U.S. The UNIA also incorporated the Black Star Line shipping company to foster black trade, and the Negro Factories Corporation to develop black-owned businesses, but soon began to unravel under the strains of internal dissension and government harrassment. In 1922 the federal government indicted Garvey on mail fraud charges, and he was sentenced to prison. The government later commuted his sentence, only to deport him back to Jamaica in 1927. He never returned to America.